Cancer

Prevention is Better than Cure;

The body is made up of trillions of living cells. Normal body cells grow, divide into new cells, and die in an orderly way. During the early years of a person's life, normal cells divide faster to allow the person to grow. After the person becomes an adult, most cells divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells or to repair injuries.

Cancer begins when cells in a part of the body start to grow out of control. There are many kinds of cancer, but they all start because of out-of-control growth of abnormal cells.

Cancer cell growth is different from normal cell growth. Instead of dying, cancer cells continue to grow and form new, abnormal cells. In most cases, the cancer cells form a tumor. Cancer cells can also invade (grow into) other tissues, something that normal cells cannot do. Growing out of control and invading other tissues are what makes a cell a cancer cell.

Cells become cancer cells because of damage to DNA. DNA is in every cell and directs all its actions. In a normal cell, when DNA gets damaged the cell either repairs the damage or the cell dies. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA is not repaired, but the cell doesn’t die like it should. Instead, this cell goes on making new cells that the body does not need. These new cells will all have the same damaged DNA as the first abnormal cell does.

People can inherit damaged DNA, but most often the DNA damage is caused by mistakes that happen while the normal cell is reproducing or by something in our environment. Sometimes the cause of the DNA damage is something obvious, like cigarette smoking. But often no clear cause is found.

Cancer cells often travel to other parts of the body, where they begin to grow and form new tumors that replace normal tissue. This process is called metastasis. It happens when the cancer cells get into the bloodstream or lymph vessels of our body.

No matter where a cancer may spread, it is named (and treated) based on the place where it started. For example, breast cancer that has spread to the liver is still called breast cancer, not liver cancer. Likewise, prostate cancer that has spread to the bone is still prostate cancer, not bone cancer.

Different types of cancer can behave very differently. They grow at different rates and respond to different treatments. That is why people with cancer need treatment that is aimed at their particular kind of cancer.

Not all tumors are cancerous. Tumors that aren't cancer are called benign. Benign tumors can cause problems – they can grow very large and press on healthy organs and tissues. But they cannot grow into (invade) other tissues. Because they can't invade, they also can't spread to other parts of the body (metastasize). These tumors are almost never life threatening.

Entrepreneurship Development Programmes

Meaning:

As the term itself denotes, EDP is a programme meant to develop entrepreneurial abilities among the people. In other words, it refers to inculcation, development, and polishing of entrepreneurial skills into a person needed to establish and successfully run his / her enterprise. Thus, the concept of entrepreneurship development programme involves equipping a person with the required skills and knowledge needed for starting and running the enterprise.

Let us also consider a few important definitions of EDPs given by institutions and experts:

Small Industries Extension and Training Institute (SIET 1974), now National Institute of Small Industry Extension Training (NISIET), Hyderabad defined EDP as “an attempt to develop a person as entrepreneur through structural training.

The main purpose of such entrepreneurship development programme is to widen the base of entrepreneurship by development achievement motivation and entrepreneurial skills among the less privileged sections of the society.”

According to N. P. Singh (1985), “Entrepreneurship Development Programme is designed to help an individual in strengthening his entrepreneurial motive and in acquiring skills and capabilities necessary for playing his entrepreneurial role effectively. It is necessary to promote this understanding of motives and their impact on entrepreneurial values and behaviour for this purpose.” Now, we can easily define EDP as a planned effort to identify, inculcate, develop, and polish the capabilities and skills as the prerequisites of a person to become and behave as an entrepreneur.

Need for EDPs:

That, entrepreneurs possess certain competencies or traits. These competencies or traits are the underlying characteristics of the entrepreneurs which result in superior performance and which distinguish successful entrepreneurs from the unsuccessful ones.

Then, the important question arises is: 
where do these traits come from? Or, 
whether these traits are in born in the entrepreneurs or can be induced and developed? In other words, whether the entrepreneurs are born or made? 
Behavioural scientists have tried to seek answers to these questions.

A well-known behavioural scientist David C. McClelland (1961) at Harvard University made an interesting investigation-cum-experiment into why certain societies displayed great creative powers at particular periods of their history? What was the cause of these creative bursts of energy? He found that ‘the need for achievement (n’ ach factor)’ was the answer to this question. It was the need for achievement that motivates people to work hard. According to him, money- making was incidental. It was only a measure of achievement, not its motivation.

In order to answer the next question whether this need for achievement could be induced, he conducted a five-year experimental study in Kakinada, i.e. one of the prosperous districts of Andhra Pradesh in India in collaboration with Small Industries Extension and Training Institute (SIET), Hyderabad.

This experiment is popularly known as ‘Kakinada Experiment’. Under this experiment, young persons were selected and put through a three-month training programme and motivated to see fresh goals.

One of the significant conclusions of the experiment was that the traditional beliefs did not seem to inhibit an entrepreneur and that the suitable training can provide the necessary motivation to the entrepreneurs (McClelland & Winter 1969). The achievement motivation had a positive impact on the performance of entrepreneurs.

In fact, the ‘Kakinada Experiment’ could be treated as a precursor to the present day EDP inputs on behavioural aspects. In a sense, ‘Kakinada Experiment’ is considered as the seed for the Entrepreneurship Development Programmes (EDPs) in India.

The fact remains that it was the ‘Kakinada Experiment’ that made people appreciate the need for and importance of the entrepreneurial training, now popularly known as ‘EDPs’, to induce motivation and competence among the young prospective entrepreneurs.

Based on this, it was the Gujarat Industrial Investment Corporation (GIIC) which, for the first time, started a three-month training programmes on entrepreneurship development. Impressed by the results of GIIC’s this training programme, the Government of India embarked, in 1971, on a massive programme on entrepreneurship development. Since then, there is no looking back in this front. By now, there are some 686 all-India and State level institutions engaged in conducting EDPs in hundreds imparting training to the candidates in thousands.

Till now, 12 State Governments have established state-level Centre for Entrepreneurship Development (CED) or Institute of Entrepreneurship Development (lED) to develop entrepreneurship by conducting EDPs. Today, the EDP in India has proliferated to such a magnitude that it has emerged as a national movement. It is worth mentioning that India operates the oldest and largest programmes for entrepreneurship development in any developing country.

The impact of India’s EDP movement is borne by the fact that the Indian model of entrepreneurship development is being adopted by some of the developing countries of Asia and Africa. Programmes similar to India’s EDPs are conducted in other countries also, for example, ‘Junior Achievement Programme’ based on the principle of ‘catch them young’ in USA and ‘Young Enterprises’ in the U. K.

Objectives of EDP:

The major objectives of the Entrepreneurship Development Programmes (EDPs) are to:

a. Develop and strengthen the entrepreneurial quality, i.e. motivation or need for achievement.

b. Analyse environmental set up relating to small industry and small business.

c. Select the product.

d. Formulate proposal for the product.

e. Understand the process and procedure involved in setting up a small enterprise.

f. Know the sources of help and support available for starting a small scale industry.

g. Acquire the necessary managerial skills required to run a small-scale industry.

h. Know the pros and cons in becoming an entrepreneur.

i. Appreciate the needed entrepreneurial discipline.

j. Besides, some of the other important objectives of the EDPs are to:

k. Let the entrepreneur himself / herself set or reset objectives for his / her enterprise and strive for their realization.

l. Prepare him / her to accept the uncertainty in running a business.

m. Enable him / her to take decisions.

n. Enable to communicate clearly and effectively.

o. Develop a broad vision about the business.

p. Make him subscribe to the industrial democracy.

q. Develop passion for integrity and honesty.

r. Make him learn compliance with law.

For Entreprenuers

1. “Your reputation is more important than your paycheck, and your integrity is worth more than your career.” — Ryan Freitas, About.me co-founder
2. “Every time we launch a feature, people yell at us.” —Angelo Sotira, deviantART co-founder
3. “Be undeniably good. No marketing effort or social media buzzword can be a substitute for that.” —Anthony Volodkin, Hype Machine founder 
4. “Money is like gasoline during a road trip. You don’t want to run out of gas on your trip, but you’re not doing a tour of gas stations.” —Tim O’Reilly, O’Reilly Media founder and CEO
5. “If you can’t feed a team with two pizzas, it’s too large.” —Jeff Bezos, Amazon founder and CEO 
6. “Don’t worry about people stealing your design work. Worry about the day they stop.” —Jeffrey Zeldman, A List Apart Publisher 
7. “Chase the vision, not the money, the money will end up following you.” —Tony Hsieh, Zappos CEO 
8. “The value of an idea lies in the using of it.” —Thomas Edison, General Electric Co-founder 
9. “Make every detail perfect and limit the number of details to perfect.” —Jack Dorsey, Twitter co-founder 
10. “Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do.” —Steve Jobs, Apple Inc. co-founder, chairman and CEO 
11. “The most dangerous poison is the feeling of achievement. The antidote is to every evening think what can be done better tomorrow.” —Ingvar Kamprad, IKEA founder 
12. “Always look for the fool in the deal. If you don’t find one, it’s you.” —Mark Cuban, AXS TV chairman and entrepreneur 
13. “It’s not about ideas. It’s about making ideas happen.” —Scott Belsky, Behance co-founder 
14. “There’s nothing wrong with staying small. You can do big things with a small team.” —Jason Fried, 37signals founder 
15. “Don’t worry about failure; you only have to be right once.” —Drew Houston, Dropbox founder and CEO 
16. “Get five or six of your smartest friends in a room and ask them to rate your idea.” —Mark Pincus, Zynga CEO 
17. “If there’s something you want to build, but the tech isn’t there yet, just find the closest possible way to make it happen.” —Dennis Crowley, Foursquare co-founder 
18. “Fail often so you can succeed sooner.” —Tom Kelley, Ideo partner 
19. “Nothing works better than just improving your product.” —Joel Spolsky, Stack Overflow co-founder 
20. “It’s not that we need new ideas, but we need to stop having old ideas.” —Edwin Land, Polaroid co-founder 
21. “We are currently not planning on conquering the world.” —Sergey Brin, Google co-founder 
22. “Get big quietly, so you don’t tip off potential competitors.” —Chris Dixon, Andreesen Horowitz investor 
23. “Don’t try to be original, just try to be good.” —Paul Rand, Graphic Designer 
24. “It’s hard to do a really good job on anything you don’t think about in the shower.” —Paul Graham, YCombinator co-founder 
25. “If you’re interested in the living heart of what you do, focus on building things rather than talking about them.” —Ryan Freitas, About.me co-founder 
26. “Entrepreneur is someone who has a vision for something and a want to create.” —David Karp, Tumblr founder and CEO 
27. “Best startups generally come from somebody needing to scratch an itch.” —Michael Arrington, TechCrunch founder and co-editor 
28. “I don’t think an economic slump will hurt good ideas.” —Rob Kalin, Etsy founder 
29. “The last 10% it takes to launch something takes as much energy as the first 90%.” —Rob Kalin, Etsy founder 
30. "Don’t play games that you don’t understand, even if you see lots of other people making money from them.” —Tony Hsieh,  Zappos CEO 
31. “Ideas are easy. Implementation is hard.” —Guy Kawasaki, Alltop co-founder and entrepreneur 
32. “Every day that we spent not improving our products was a wasted day.” —Joel Spolsky, Stack Overflow co-founder 
33. “I doubt I’ll ever go back to corporate work. Once you see the light, there is no turning back.” —Magnus Jepson, WooThemes co-founder 
34. “Stay self-funded as long as possible.” —Garrett Camp, founder of Expa, Uber and StumbleUpon 
35. “Timing, perseverance, and ten years of trying will eventually make you look like an overnight success.” —Biz Stone, Twitter co-founder 
36. “The only thing worse than starting something and failing… is not starting something.” —Seth Godin, Squidoo founder, author and blogger 
37. “When I’m old and dying, I plan to look back on my life and say ‘wow, that was an adventure,’ not ‘wow, I sure felt safe.’ " —Tom Preston-Werner, Github co-founder 
38. “Turn a perceived risk into an asset." —Aaron Patzer, Mint founder 
39. “Anything that is measured and watched, improves.” —Bob Parsons, GoDaddy founder 
40. “Fortunes are built during the down market and collected in the up market.” —Jason Calacanis, LAUNCH Ticker founder 
41. “No more romanticizing about how cool it is to be an entrepreneur. It’s a struggle to save your company’s life – and your own skin – every day of the week.” —Spencer Fry, CarbonMade co-founder 
42. “The secret to successful hiring is this: look for the people who want to change the world." —Marc Benioff, Salesforce CEO 
43. “I try not to make any decisions that I’m not excited about.” —Jake Nickell, Threadless founder and CEO 
44. “See things in the present, even if they are in the future.” —Larry Ellison, Oracle co-founder 
45. “If you’re going to put your product in beta – put your business model in beta with it.” —Joe Kraus, Google Ventures partner 
46. “You can’t make anything viral, but you can make something good.” —Peter Shankman, HARO founder 
47. “It’s more effective to do something valuable than to hope a logo or name will say it for you.” —Jason Cohen, Smart Bear Software founder 
48. “Don’t worry about funding if you don’t need it. Today it’s cheaper to start a business than ever.” —Noah Everett, Twitpic founder 
49. “Ideas are commodity. Execution of them is not.” —Michael Dell, Dell chairman and CEO 
50. “Data beats emotions.” —Sean Rad, Adly and Tinder founder 
51. “I knew that if I failed I wouldn’t regret that, but I knew the one thing I might regret is not trying.” —Jeff Bezos, Amazon founder and CEO 
52. “You don’t need to have a 100-person company to develop that idea.” —Larry Page, Google co-founder 
53. “A ‘startup’ is a company that is confused about – 1. What its product is. 2. Who its customers are. 3. How to make money.”—Dave McClure, 500Startups co-founder 
54. “If you are not embarrassed by the first version of your product, you’ve launched too late.” —Reid Hoffman, LinkedIn co-founder 
55. “All humans are entrepreneurs not because they should start companies but because the will to create is encoded in human DNA.” —Reid Hoffman, LinkedIn co-founder 
56. “Before dreaming about the future or marking plans, you need to articulate what you already have going for you – as entrepreneurs do.” —Reid Hoffman, LinkedIn co-founder 
57. “No matter how brilliant your mind or strategy, if you’re playing a solo game, you’ll always lose out to a team.” —Reid Hoffman, LinkedIn co-founder 
58. “The fastest way to change yourself is to hang out with people who are already the way you want to be.” —Reid Hoffman, LinkedIn co-founder 
59. “I don’t look to jump over 7-foot bars — I look for 1-foot bars that I can step over.” —Warren Buffett, Berkshire Hathaway chairman and CEO 
60. “In the end, a vision without the ability to execute it is probably a hallucination.” —Steve Case, AOL co-founder 
61. “Don’t be cocky. Don’t be flashy. There’s always someone better than you.” —Tony Hsieh, Zappos CEO 
62. “Embrace what you don’t know, especially in the beginning, because what you don’t know can become your greatest asset. It ensures that you will absolutely be doing things different from everybody else.” —Sara Blakely,  SPANX founder 
63. “What do you need to start a business? Three simple things: know your product better than anyone. Know your customer, and have a burning desire to succeed.” —Dave Thomas, Founder, Wendy’s 
64. “As long as you’re going to be thinking anyway, think big.” —Donald Trump, The Trump Organization president 
65. “Whether you think you can, or think you can’t – you’re right.” —Henry Ford, Ford Motor Company founder 
66. “Behold the turtle, he makes progress only when he sticks his neck out.” —Bruce Levin 
67. “Fearlessness is like a muscle. I know from my own life that the more I exercise it the more natural it becomes to not let my fears run me.” —Arianna Huffington, The Huffington Post Media Group president and EIC 
68. “Risk more than others think is safe. Dream more than others think is practical.” —Howard Schultz, Starbucks CEO 
69. “Diligence is the mother of good luck.” —Benjamin Franklin 
70. “You shouldn’t focus on why you can’t do something, which is what most people do. You should focus on why perhaps you can, and be one of the exceptions.” —Steve Case, AOL co-founder 
71. “The way to get started is to quit talking and begin doing.” —Walt Disney, Disney founder 
72. “A person who is quietly confident makes the best leader.” —Fred Wilson, Union Square Ventures co-founder 
73. “We are really competing against ourselves, we have no control over how other people perform.” —Pete Cashmore, Mashable founder and CEO 
74. “I like to pride myself on thinking pretty long term, but not that long term.” —Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook founder 
75. “Always deliver more than expected.” —Larry Page, Google co-founder 
76. “Don’t limit yourself. Many people limit themselves to what they think they can do. You can go as far as your mind lets you. What you believe, remember, you can achieve.” —Mary Kay Ash, Mary Kay Cosmetics founder 
77. “You don’t learn to walk by following rules. You learn by doing and falling over.” —Richard Branson, Virgin Group founder 
78. “I never took a day off in my twenties. Not one.” —Bill Gates,  Microsoft co-founder 
79. “Even if you don’t have the perfect idea to begin with, you can likely adapt.” —Victoria Ransom, Wildfire Interactive co-founder 
80. “High expectations are the key to everything.” —Sam Walton, Walmart founder 
81. “Don’t take too much advice. Most people who have a lot of advice to give — with a few exceptions — generalize whatever they did. Don’t over-analyze everything.  I myself have been guilty of over-thinking problems. Just build things and find out if they work.” —Ben Silbermann, Pinterest founder 
82. “You just have to pay attention to what people need and what has not been done.” —Russell Simmons, Def Jam founder 
83. “You jump off a cliff and you assemble an airplane on the way down.” —Reid Hoffman, LinkedIn co-founder 
84. “Don’t be afraid to assert yourself, have confidence in your abilities and don’t let the bastards get you down.” —Michael Bloomberg, Bloomberg L.P. founder 
85. “Every time you state what you want or believe, you’re the first to hear it. It’s a message to both you and others about what you think is possible. Don’t put a ceiling on yourself” —Oprah Winfrey, Harpo Productions, OWN founder 
86. “I made a resolve then that I was going to amount to something if I could. And no hours, nor amount of labor, nor amount of money would deter me from giving the best that there was in me. And I have done that ever since, and I win by it. I know.” —Harland Sanders, KFC founder 
87. “So often people are working hard at the wrong thing. Working on the right thing is probably more important than working hard.” —Caterina Fake, Flickr co-founder 
88. “Trust your instincts.” —Estee Lauder, Estee Lauder founder 
89. “There’s lots of bad reasons to start a company. But there’s only one good, legitimate reason, and I think you know what it is: it’s to change the world.” —Phil Libin, Evernote CEO 
90. “If you’re not a risk taker, you should get the hell out of business.” —Ray Kroc, McDonald’s founder 
91. “Theory is splendid but until put into practice, it is valueless.” —James Cash Penney, J.C. Penney founder 
92. “Sustaining a successful business is a hell of a lot of work, and staying hungry is half the battle.” —Wendy Tan White, MoonFruit co-founder and CEO 
93. “Your most unhappy customers are your greatest source of learning.” —Bill Gates, Microsoft co-founder 
94. “If you define yourself by how you differ from the competition, you’re probably in trouble.” —Omar Hamoui, AdMob co-founder 
95. “Design is not just what it looks like and feels like. Design is how it works.” —Steve Jobs,  Apple Inc. co-founder, chairman and CEO 
96. “If you just work on stuff that you like and you’re passionate about, you don’t have to have a master plan with how things will play out.” —Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook founder 
97. “Wonder what your customer really wants? Ask. Don’t tell.” —Lisa Stone, BlogHer co-founder and CEO 
98. “If you’re passionate about something and you work hard, then I think you will be successful.”—Pierre Omidyar, Ebay founder and chairman 
99. “Get a mentor in the applicable field if you’re at all unsure of what you’re looking for.” —Kyle Bragger, Forrst founder 
100. “When you find an idea that you just can’t stop thinking about, that’s probably a good one to pursue.” —Josh James, Omniture CEO and co-founder 
101. “An invention that is quickly accepted will turn out to be a rather trivial alteration of something that has already existed.” —Edwin Land, Polaroid co-founder